Best IVF Doctors In Mumbai At Low Cost In India

Some of India’s most skilled and well-known IVF specialists are based in Mumbai, where they provide couples looking to start a family with cutting-edge reproductive procedures. These experts offer a variety of methods, such as IVF, IUI, ICSI, and surrogacy, among others, with state-of-the-art equipment, first-rate facilities, and individualized attention. 

Mumbai’s IVF specialists provide complete solutions catered to each patient’s individual needs, whether you’re having trouble conceiving or require professional help with high-risk pregnancies. 

Mumbai is one of the top locations for assisted reproductive therapies because of its knowledge and caring attitude, which guarantees that patients receive the best care possible during their fertility journey. Begin the conversation on the main topic, such as the best IVF doctors in Mumbai at low cost in India aforementioned sentences or paragraphs.

Introduction Of IVF In Mumbai – IVF Specialization In Mumbai

Mumbai has been one of India’s top destinations for IVF procedures in recent years, providing couples from all over the world with cutting-edge fertility care. For individuals or couples experiencing infertility problems, in vitro fertilization (IVF), a type of assisted reproductive technology, is frequently advised. Modern technology, top-notch medical facilities, and skilled professionals who offer individualized therapies to address a range of fertility issues are all features of Mumbai’s fertility clinics. 

Mumbai provides a variety of fertility procedures, ranging from egg freezing and surrogacy to IVF and IUI (Intrauterine Insemination). The city is a popular location for people looking for fertility options because of its established healthcare system and rising reputation for success rates. 

Mumbai has developed into a destination for people and couples wishing to realize their aspirations of becoming parents due to its many well-known IVF facilities and abundance of skilled medical professionals.

How Much Are IVF Clinics Responsible For Getting Positive Outcomes In The Initial Stage?

The clinic plays a critical role in determining the procedure’s effectiveness in the early phases of IVF treatment. IVF clinics are in charge of offering cutting-edge infrastructure, skilled medical personnel, and a thorough approach to fertility treatment that can greatly affect the result. The clinic’s resources and experience are crucial to getting good outcomes, from making individualized treatment programs and doing comprehensive diagnostic testing to offering emotional support all along the way. The likelihood of a successful pregnancy is influenced by the clinic’s laboratory facilities, the expertise of its embryologists, and the usage of cutting-edge technology. In addition to guaranteeing that the technical components of IVF are managed well, a reputable clinic offers a caring atmosphere that improves patients’ entire experience and increases the chances of success in the early phases of treatment.

IVF Clinic	Location	Short Description
Jaslok Hospital & Research Centre	Peddar Road, Mumbai	Known for its comprehensive IVF services, Jaslok Hospital offers personalized fertility treatments with a high success rate, including advanced technologies in IVF and ICSI.
Bloom IVF Centre	Bandra, Mumbai	A leader in fertility treatments, Bloom IVF Centre is renowned for its expertise in IVF, ICSI, and egg freezing, offering tailored care for each patient.
Care Clinic	Andheri, Mumbai	Care Clinic is one of Mumbai’s premier IVF centers, offering advanced fertility treatments, including IUI, IVF, and surrogacy, with a focus on individual patient care and high success rates.
Motherhood Fertility Centre	Worli, Mumbai	Motherhood Fertility Centre provides world-class IVF treatment with cutting-edge technology, high success rates, and personalized care. The clinic also offers male and female infertility solutions.
Cloudnine Hospital	Vashi & Malad, Mumbai	Cloudnine is known for its multidisciplinary approach to IVF, offering specialized treatments for both male and female infertility. The hospital focuses on patient comfort and advanced IVF technology.
Lilavati Hospital & Research Centre	Bandra, Mumbai	Lilavati offers a range of fertility treatments, including IVF, ICSI, and PGS, with highly experienced fertility specialists. The hospital is well-known for its excellent patient care.
Fortis La Femme Hospital	Ajman, Mumbai	A leading IVF center for both basic and advanced infertility treatments, Fortis La Femme is recognized for its patient-centric approach and advanced IVF technologies.
Soni Clinic	South Mumbai	Soni Clinic is renowned for its IVF services and high success rates. It specializes in personalized care and treatment, ensuring that each patient’s needs are fully addressed.
Monga Fertility Clinic	Lower Parel, Mumbai	Monga Fertility Clinic offers a comprehensive range of infertility treatments, including IVF, ICSI, and egg donation, with a focus on high success rates and affordable services.
World Fertility Services Clinic In Delhi	Mumbai, India	World Fertility Services Clinic is a medium to get a comprehensive IVF opportunity to cover the space of a child in the family at an affordable cost. It offers a variety of treatments, for instance, IVF, IUI, PGD/PGT, and surrogacy, for seeking the intended mother’s personalized care

These Mumbai IVF clinics are among the greatest options for infertility treatments because of their cutting-edge treatment options, excellent success rates, and patient-centered philosophy.

Which Is The Best Result-Oriented IVF Clinic In Mumbai? – Best IVF Center In Mumbai

The success rates, the experience of the doctors, the technology employed, and the clinic’s general patient care philosophy are all important considerations when selecting the best result-oriented IVF clinic in Mumbai. Numerous respectable fertility clinics in Mumbai are well-known for their creative IVF, ICSI, and other assisted reproductive technology procedures as well as their high success rates. Of these, World Fertility Services Clinic is notable for its outstanding outcomes and dedication to providing individualized care.

World Fertility Services Clinic – Best Result-Oriented IVF Clinic In Mumbai

Location: Mumbai’s Andheri

Specialties: IUI, PGT/PGD, IVF, ICSI, egg donation, and surrogacy

Success Rate

Well-known for having high IVF success rates, especially for elderly individuals and complicated reproductive problems.

Advanced Technology

Makes use of state-of-the-art technologies such as embryo freezing, genetic screening (PGT/PGD), advanced IVF labs, and embryo genetic testing (PGTA).

Personalized Care

Provides tailored treatment programs according to each patient’s unique requirements and medical background, increasing the likelihood of success.

Skilled Staff

The clinic is supported by a group of skilled embryologists, fertility specialists, and support personnel who are committed to offering the greatest treatment and direction possible during the entire reproductive process.

Full Service

Offers a variety of fertility treatments, such as IVF, egg freezing, IUI, surrogacy, and specialty treatments for infertility in both men and women.

Patient Satisfaction: renowned for its excellent patient satisfaction, openness, and compassionate care, guaranteeing both medical and emotional support during therapy.

Because of its stellar reputation, cutting-edge technology, and individualized treatment regimens that are tailored to each patient’s specific needs, World Fertility Services Clinic is recognized as one of Mumbai’s most successful IVF facilities.

Who Is The One Best IVF Doctor In Mumbai, With A Highly Regarded Reputation?

Finding the proper doctor is essential for IVF treatment success, particularly in a city like Mumbai where there are many possibilities. The top IVF physicians in Mumbai are renowned for their extensive backgrounds, proficiency with cutting-edge reproductive technologies, and humane attitude to patient care. 

These experts are well known for their proficiency in managing intricate reproductive problems, providing individualized treatment programs catered to each patient’s particular requirements. The top IVF specialists in Mumbai have established a strong reputation for attaining high success rates and assisting couples in realizing their aspirations of motherhood thanks to their access to cutting-edge technology and in-depth knowledge of infertility issues.

Doctor’s Name	Specialty	Years of Experience	Notable Achievements
Dr. Bhawana Singla	IVF, ICSI, IUI, Egg Freezing, Surrogacy	Over 15 Years	Dr. Bhawana Singla is known for her expertise in IVF and assisted reproductive techniques. With a compassionate approach, she has helped numerous couples achieve parenthood. She is known for her personalized care and high success rates. She has been recognized for her work in both male and female infertility treatment.

One of the best IVF doctors in Mumbai is Dr. Bhawana Singla, who is well-known for her outstanding fertility treatment abilities and her emphasis on offering a relaxing, patient-centered experience.

What Are The Top IVF Consultants In Mumbai For An Infertile Couple?

Choosing the correct expert is essential to the success of an infertile couple seeking IVF treatment in Mumbai. Some of the best fertility experts known for their proficiency with assisted reproductive technology may be found in Mumbai. From basic IVF and IUI to more sophisticated methods like ICSI, egg freezing, and genetic testing, these consultants are extremely adept in managing a wide range of infertility concerns. 

Using a patient-centered approach, they offer individualized treatment programs that are catered to the particular requirements of every couple, providing them with emotional support and assisting them through the challenging process of IVF. Couples looking to have a family can find hope and professional treatment from the top IVF experts in Mumbai, thanks to their state-of-the-art equipment, excellent success rates, and caring staff.

First Research

Look at IVF specialists and fertility clinics in Mumbai that have a solid track record of patient satisfaction and high success rates.

Seek experts who have dealt with your particular infertility issues, such as advanced maternal age, male or female infertility, or other complicated disorders.

Schedule a Meeting

To arrange an initial meeting, get in touch with the IVF facility or specialist. For convenience, a lot of clinics allow online appointment scheduling.

Select a clinic with open, honest procedures and a welcoming, patient-friendly atmosphere.

Get Ready for the Initial Consultation

Compile the required medical records, such as test results, reports from your gynecologist or other specialists, and any prior fertility treatments.

Be ready to discuss your lifestyle choices, medical history, and any pertinent infertility in your family.

Talk about your options for treatment

The IVF expert will assess your condition and recommend suitable fertility therapies (such as IVF, IUI, or ICSI) during the appointment.

The physician will go over the steps, schedule, success percentages, and potential hazards of each treatment option.

What Is The Success Rate Of IVF Treatment In Mumbai? – IVF Success Rate In Mumbai

The age of the woman, the level of experience of the facility, the type of IVF treatment, and whether or not additional treatments like genetic screening (PGT) or egg donation are used all affect the success rate of IVF in Mumbai. 

Clinics with highly qualified physicians and cutting-edge technologies can have greater success rates. To increase your chances of success, it’s critical to pick a facility that offers individualized treatment and precisely determines your reproductive needs.

IVF Clinic Type	Success Rate	Short Description
General IVF Success Rate	40% – 60%	The overall IVF success rate in Mumbai is typically between 40% and 60%, depending on factors such as the clinic’s technology, experience, and the patient’s age and health.
IVF for Women Under 35	60% – 70%	Younger women, especially under 35, generally experience higher IVF success rates due to better egg quality and higher ovarian reserve.
IVF for Women Aged 35-40	40% – 55%	For women between 35 and 40, the success rate may decrease due to a decline in egg quality and fertility. However, many clinics still offer highly successful outcomes.
IVF for Women Over 40	20% – 30%	IVF success rates for women over 40 tend to be lower because of age-related factors like diminished egg quality and lower ovarian reserve.
Donor Egg IVF Success Rate	65% – 75%	When using donor eggs, the success rate can be significantly higher, especially for women over 40, due to the use of younger, healthier eggs.
PGT (Genetic Testing) IVF	70% – 80%	IVF combined with genetic testing (PGT) has a higher success rate, especially for patients with known genetic disorders or those at higher risk of chromosomal abnormalities.

The IVF success rate table is a clue to the estimated success rate for an infertile couple or parent. In the upper case of content or table, you may check or seize the recommended treatment as per your need or requirement.

What If Your IVF Treatment Is Unsuccessful In Mumbai? – Sake Of Unsuccessful IVF

It might be distressing if your IVF procedure in Mumbai doesn’t work out, but it’s crucial to realize that there are multifarious possible causes. One frequent cause is poor egg quality or problems with embryo growth, which can occur even after fertilization. 

Age is important since women over 35 tend to produce fewer and lower-quality eggs, which can have an impact on the results of IVF. Additional variables may include implantation failure, which occurs when the embryo does not adhere to the lining of the uterus, frequently as a result of problems such as hormone imbalances or abnormalities of the uterus. 

A failed IVF cycle can also be caused by male infertility problems, such as low sperm count or poor sperm motility. Failure may also result from genetic defects in the embryos that are identified via screening. The overall success may also be impacted by problems with the laboratory environment or the clinic’s procedures, as well as inadequate ovarian response, which occurs when the ovaries don’t generate enough eggs. To determine the root causes of the failure and investigate various remedies, such as modifying the treatment regimen, thinking about doing further testing, or looking into options like egg or sperm donation, it’s critical to speak with your IVF physician. Recurring IVF cycles or other treatments can often result in success.

How Much Does Egg Or Sperm Donation Cost In Mumbai? – Egg Or Sperm Donation In Mumbai

Donating eggs and sperm is a popular option for couples who are unable to conceive because of low sperm counts, poor egg quality, or other reproductive difficulties. Donor remuneration, screening, and IVF clinic fees are some of the variables that affect the price of these services. A full answer to infertility is provided by the several IVF clinics in Mumbai that provide packages that comprise both IVF operations and egg or sperm donation. When determining the total expenses, legal and ethical considerations are also taken into account, such as the donors’ anonymity.

Service	Cost (Approx.)	Short Description
Egg Donation	₹1,50,000 – ₹2,50,000 per cycle	Egg donation in Mumbai typically involves using an anonymous donor’s eggs for IVF. The cost includes the egg retrieval process, compensation for the donor, and IVF procedures.
Sperm Donation	₹25,000 – ₹60,000 per cycle	Sperm donation is used when male infertility is a concern. The cost covers the donor sperm, screening, and processing for IVF procedures.
Combined Egg & Sperm Donation	₹2,00,000 – ₹3,50,000 per cycle	This includes both egg and sperm donation for couples where both partners have infertility issues. The cost is higher due to the involvement of both donor services and IVF procedures.

Egg Or Sperm donation is another medium to get conception in Mumbai under the frequent vision of IVF specialists that enhance the chances of successful IVF.

What Are The 10 Best IVF Doctors In Mumbai At An Accessible Budget?

These doctors provide excellent, outcome-oriented IVF procedures that are affordable if you’re searching for the 10 Best IVF Doctors in Mumbai with reasonable prices. With an emphasis on individualized care, they offer a variety of therapies, such as IVF, ICSI, egg freezing, and surrogacy. These medical professionals are dedicated to lowering the cost of fertility treatments without sacrificing care quality or success rates thanks to their knowledge and caring demeanor.

Doctor’s Name	Specialty	Short Description
Dr. Diksha Tyagi	IVF, IUI, ICSI, Egg Freezing	Dr. Diksha Tyagi is known for her patient-centric approach and successful IVF outcomes. She offers affordable yet effective fertility treatments for couples.
Dr. Neha Gupta	IVF, ICSI, Laparoscopy, Hysteroscopy	With extensive experience in IVF, Dr. Neha Gupta provides compassionate care with a focus on affordable fertility solutions and high success rates.
Dr. Bhawana Singla	IVF, ICSI, Egg Donation, Surrogacy	Dr. Bhawana Singla is highly regarded for her expertise in IVF treatments and her ability to provide cost-effective, personalized care.
Dr. J. Kavya	IVF, IUI, Male and Female Infertility	Dr. J. Kavya offers accessible IVF solutions for both male and female infertility issues, with a track record of positive outcomes at an affordable price.
Dr. Sneha	IVF, IUI, ICSI, Fertility Preservation	Dr. Sneha specializes in various IVF treatments, providing high-quality services at budget-friendly prices for couples.
Dr. Nilam Banerjee	IVF, ICSI, PGT, Surrogacy	Dr. Nilam Banerjee is known for her holistic approach to IVF treatment, offering affordable fertility care with a focus on patient well-being.
Dr. Shuritka Thakur	IVF, IUI, Ovarian Stimulation, Egg Freezing	Dr. Shuritka Thakur provides affordable IVF services, focusing on ensuring the best outcomes for patients using advanced techniques and personalized care.

How To Get EMI On IVF Treatments In Mumbai? – IVF Treatments On EMI

Thanks to collaborations between fertility clinics and financial institutions, it is now easier to obtain EMI (Equated Monthly Installment) choices for IVF treatments in Mumbai. Many clinics now provide flexible payment options to patients to alleviate their financial stress due to the high cost of assisted reproductive technologies. With these EMI alternatives, you can begin treatment with little to no upfront money and pay it back for six to twenty-four months. IVF becomes more reasonable and manageable when you choose a plan that works for your budget and treatment schedule, whether through in-house financing, partnerships with banks, or outside fintech companies.

Check Out What Documents Are Required For IVF Treatment On EMI

• A legitimate ID and proof of address

Proof of income (such as bank statements or pay stubs)

• A respectable credit score
• Occasionally, a co-applicant is needed.

Some clinics offer you to start treatment with a ₹0 down payment or a small upfront payment, followed by EMIs for six to twenty-four months.

Online EMI Calculators on Clinic Websites

To assist with estimating monthly installments depending on your treatment cost and selected duration, various IVF hospitals feature EMI calculators on their websites.

Options for Instant Approval: During your initial clinic session or via mobile apps, certain finance companies provide instant EMI approvals.

Can International Patients Come To Mumbai For IVF Procedures?

Given that Mumbai is a well-known center for medical tourism, particularly in the field of reproductive healthcare, foreign patients can certainly travel there for IVF procedures. Many top-notch fertility clinics in Mumbai provide cutting-edge IVF procedures at a fraction of the price of many Western nations. 

These facilities guarantee high standards of care since they have internationally trained specialists and cutting-edge technology. To make the entire IVF process easy and accessible for couples coming from overseas, many clinics now provide specialized services for foreign patients, such as help with visas, trip planning, lodging support, and individualized care plans.

How To Apply For A Mumbai Indian Visa For International Patients?

Select a Reputable Mumbai Hospital or Clinic

Obtain an official invitation or letter of appointment from an IVF clinic or approved Indian hospital. For a medical visa, this document is required.

• Go to the official website for Indian visas.
• Visit the website https://indianvisaonline.gov.in.
• Select the Medical Visa (MED) category.
• Fill out the online application for a visa.

Enter your personal information, passport details, any medical conditions, and attach a passport-sized photo.

For processing, pick the Indian Mission or Embassy that is closest to you.

Collect the necessary paperwork

• A passport that is valid for at least six months

Recent photo (per the rules for Indian visas)

• A letter from the Mumbai hospital or clinic

Evidence of funding for the stay and treatment

• prescriptions or medical reports, if any are accessible

Fill out the application and make the payment

• Pay the visa fee, which varies according to your nationality, and submit the form online.

Make an appointment at the Indian Consulate or Embassy

• Schedule a time to submit your biometric information and verify your documents.

Attend the interview for a visa, if necessary

• A brief interview at the Indian consulate is required in certain countries. Keep all original paperwork with you.

Await the approval of your visa

• Typically, processing takes three to ten business days. Your Medical Visa, which is valid for a maximum of six months (and maybe longer in some circumstances), will be issued to you upon approval.

Make Travel Plans to Mumbai

• You can schedule your travel, lodging, and IVF clinic appointments after the visa is approved.

How Are Delhi Or Mumbai The Finest Destination For IVF Treatment?

With their combination of top-notch medical knowledge, cutting-edge reproductive technologies, and internationally recognized fertility clinics, Delhi and Mumbai stand out as two of the best places in India to receive IVF treatment. Some of the nation’s most renowned IVF specialists and well-equipped facilities that serve both domestic and foreign patients may be found in these major cities. 

Delhi and Mumbai are top choices for couples looking for reliable and efficient fertility solutions because of their high success rates, individualized care, and reasonably priced treatment packages. They also offer comprehensive support services like visa assistance, travel coordination, and post-treatment care in addition to clinical excellence.

Check Out The List Of Comparisons Between Best Destinations With Cost

The cost, success rate, and general patient experience of IVF treatment in India can all be significantly impacted by the city of choice. With their benefits, cities like Mumbai, Delhi, Bangalore, Chennai, Hyderabad, and Kolkata have become popular locations for fertility treatments. 

Other cities, including Chennai and Kolkata, provide more affordable options, but Mumbai and Delhi are renowned for their sophisticated infrastructure and assistance for patients from around the world. To assist you in making an informed choice, the following table compares the average prices, success rates, and patient services of these leading IVF locations.

City	Avg Cost per IVF Cycle (₹)	Success Rate (%)
Mumbai	₹1,20,000 – ₹2,50,000	55%–70%
Delhi	₹1,00,000 – ₹2,20,000	50%–70%
Bangalore	₹1,10,000 – ₹2,00,000	50%–65%
Chennai	₹90,000 – ₹1,80,000	50%–65%
Hyderabad	₹1,00,000 – ₹2,00,000	50%–60%
Kolkata	₹80,000 – ₹1,50,000	45%–60%

Which Fertility Treatment Is Banned In Mumbai? – Best Fertility Treatment In Mumbai

Regulations governing some reproductive procedures in Mumbai are in place to ensure moral behavior and safeguard the rights of all parties. Surrogacy is one important area of legislation, especially concerning the use of donor gametes (eggs or sperm) in surrogacy agreements.

Regulation On Surrogacy And Use Of Donor Gametes

Foreign National Surrogacy

A government ruling that prohibited surrogacy for foreign couples currently receiving treatment was temporarily overturned by the Bombay High Court in 2015. The petitions submitted by fertility clinics and those impacted by the policy change served as the basis for this judgment.

The Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare modified the Surrogacy (Regulation) Rules in March 2023, making it illegal to use donor gametes in surrogacy agreements. This implies that in the rich amount of use of surrogacy, both intended parents must supply their sperm and eggs.

Legal Challenges and Court Decisions

The prohibition against utilizing donor gametes for surrogacy has been legally contested by various couples. The Bombay High Court recognized the special medical circumstances of two couples and allowed them to continue with surrogacy using donor eggs in February 2024.

Key Points

Foreign national surrogacy is governed by stringent laws; recent changes have prohibited it for foreign couples.​

Current regulations generally forbid the use of donor gametes in surrogacy, while they may be exempted in certain medical situations through legal processes.

It’s crucial to remember that although some reproductive treatments are prohibited, they are not completely prohibited. Rather, they are governed to guarantee moral behavior and safeguard the rights of all parties. To successfully negotiate the complicated regulatory environment, anyone thinking about undergoing such procedures should speak with certified fertility specialists and legal professionals in Mumbai.

Which Surrogacy Treatment Is Allowed In Mumbai? – Type Of Surrogacy In Mumbai

Strict rules govern surrogacy in Mumbai to guarantee moral behavior and safeguard all parties. Only altruistic surrogacy, in which a surrogate mother carries a pregnancy for an intended couple without accepting payment beyond medical and legal costs, is allowed under current Indian law. 

This type of surrogacy is only permitted for married Indian couples who need help due to infertility. Since 2015, commercial surrogacy in which a surrogate receives compensation above and beyond medical expenses has been prohibited in India. In addition to guaranteeing the surrogate’s welfare and preventing exploitation, the rules also make sure that the procedure is just and compliant with the law.

A surrogate mother who carries a pregnancy for an intended couple without receiving any financial remuneration other than for medical and legal costs is said to be engaging in philanthropic surrogacy, also known as traditional surrogacy. According to Indian law, this is the most popular type of surrogacy in Mumbai.

Surrogacy for Indian Married Couples

Only infertile Indian married couples may choose to use surrogacy under the Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill, 2020. This law forbids same-sex couples, foreign nationals, and single people from entering into surrogacy agreements in India.

Medical Conditions Permitting Surrogacy

If the intended mother has health problems or recurrent miscarriages that hinder her ability to carry a fetus, surrogacy is permitted. In these situations, the surrogate mother simply receives payment for her lost wages and medical costs.

No Commercial Surrogacy: Since 2015, India has prohibited commercial surrogacy, in which the surrogate receives compensation above and beyond medical costs. This prohibition is further enforced by the Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill of 2020, which exclusively permits altruistic surrogacy.

Regulation of Surrogacy Clinics

Registered IVF facilities that adhere to the Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) Regulation are required to handle all surrogacy agreements.

How Much Is IUI Treatment Cost In Mumbai For An Infertile Male?

The cost of treating an infertile guy with IUI (Intrauterine Insemination) in Mumbai can vary based on numerous factors, including the clinic’s level of experience, the treatment plan selected, and any extra procedures needed. 

These can involve sperm washing to enhance sperm quality, using donor sperm in cases of severe male infertility, or using fertility drugs to induce ovulation. The degree of care and support given, including consultations, testing, and post-treatment monitoring, also affects the cost of treatment. Because of this, the overall cost may vary from one fertility center to another.

Treatment Type	Cost Range (₹)	Description
Basic IUI	₹10,000 – ₹20,000	Involves inseminating sperm into the uterus using a catheter. Cost varies based on the clinic and medications.
IUI with Medications	₹20,000 – ₹40,000	Includes medication (like Clomid or gonadotropins) to stimulate ovulation in addition to IUI.
IUI with Sperm Washing	₹25,000 – ₹45,000	Sperm is washed and prepared for insemination to improve chances of fertilization.
IUI with Donor Sperm	₹35,000 – ₹50,000	Includes the use of donor sperm if the male partner has low sperm quality or count.